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The AVR reactor ((ドイツ語:Arbeitsgemeinschaft Versuchsreaktor)) was a prototype pebble bed reactor. It was located immediately adjacent to Jülich Research Centre in West Germany. Construction began in 1960, first grid connection was in 1967 and operation ceased in 1988. It was 15MWe, 46 MWt, and was used to develop and test a wide variety of fuels and machinery over its lifetime. The AVR was based on the concept of a "Daniels pile" by Farrington Daniels, the inventor of pebble bed reactors. Rudolf Schulten is commonly recognized as the intellectual father of the reactor. A consortium of 15 community electric companies owned and operated the plant. Over the life of the reactor there were many mishaps and accidents, causing some critics to call it a "shipwreck." During 2011-2014, outside experts examined the historical operations and operational dangers. Their final report in 2014 described serious concealed problems and wrongdoings. For example, in 1978 operators bypassed reactor shutdown controls to delay an emergency shutdown during an accident for six days. In 2014 the JRC and AVR publicly admitted to failures. The decommissioning of the AVR has been exceptionally difficult, time-consuming and expensive. Since the original operators were overwhelmed by the effort, government agencies have taken over dismantling and disposal. In 2003 they officially took ownership of the reactor and its nuclear waste. Since 2009 the temporary storage of 152 casks of spent fuel has been a controversy. The approval expired in 2013, because safety and stress tests could not be sufficiently proven; a permanent solution has not been reached. Due to the extremely high disposal expenses, since 2012 plans have been considered to export the casks to the United States. In 2014 a massive concrete wall to protect against terrorist plane crashes is to be built. On July 2, 2014 the Federal Environment ministry issued an evacuation order for the temporary storage. AVR was the basis of the technology licensed to China to build HTR-10. == History == In 1959 the 'Association of Experimental Reactor GmbH' (AVR Ltd) was established by 15 municipal electric companies. Its purpose was to demonstrate the feasibility and viability of a gas-cooled, graphite-moderated high temperature reactor. BBC and Krupp began building the AVR in 1961. The planning and construction, led by Rudolf Schulten, was performed on almost purely industrial basis until 1964. Financial assistance was provided by the federal government, supported by Leo Brandt.〔B. Mittermaier, B. Rusinek: (Leo Brandt (1908 – 1971) Ingenieur – Wissenschaftsförderer – Visionär Wissenschaftliche Konferenz zum 100. Geburtstag des nordrhein-westfälischen Forschungspolitikers und Gründers des Forschungszentrums Jülich ) S. 20 ff〕 In 1964 Schulten became Director of the Jülich Research Centre and it started to devote more attention to the pebble bed reactor. In 1966, AVR first achieved criticality, and it was connected to the national power grid in 1967. Information on construction costs vary between 85 and 125 million Deutsche marks ($2.5 - $3.7bn in 2014).〔U. Kirchner ''Der Hochtemperaturreaktor'' Campus Forschung Bd. 667 (1991)〕 The AVR GmbH remained formally independent until 2003, but was de facto dependant on JRC as of around 1970. JRC paid high operating grants to the AVR GmbH in order to ensure continued operation, since the electricity generated only covered a small part of the operating costs. In the mid-1970s revenue per year was about 3 million DM, against operating and fuel disposal costs of 11 million DM.〔'' Wird Jülichs Reaktor zur Atomruine? '' Welt am Sonntag, July 9, 1978〕 JRC also supported the AVR through procurement and the disposal of fuel; JRC was and is owner of AVR fuel. In addition, the AVR operation was scientifically monitored by JRC. In the first years the AVR was nominally operated with cooling gas outlet temperatures of 650 °C - 850 °C. In February 1974 the cooling gas outlet temperature was raised to 950 °C. These final high temperatures reached a world record for nuclear facilities, but werely later exceeded by the US test reactor UHTREX. Such high temperatures were supposed to demonstrate the suitability of the AVR for coal gasification, and thus contribute to longer-term plans for coal in Nordrhein Westfalen. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「AVR reactor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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